APL: Audio Programming Language for Blind Learners

Programming languages have been increasingly mapping end-users needs and mental models. They have expanded the number of users who can program or learn how to program. They are focused on sighted users. This study introduces APL, an Audio Programming Language for blind learners. APL is a programming language with audio-based interfaces to assist blind learners to develop problem solving and algorithmic thinking skills. APL is also a way to help blind learners to construct meaning by making programs. APL is a programming language by and for blind learners. We tested APL with novice blind programmers during and after development. They tried, analyzed and make improvements to APL. They usability tested APL by solving problems with increasingly complexity and answering usability questionnaires. Blind users understood APL, made programs, mapped the programming process and enjoyed the experience showing that a programming language based on audio can be constructed to fit the needs and mental models of blind learners to help them to enter to the programming world.